Policy Information Center Library Blog

http://www.commonwealthfund.org/usr_doc/Hayes_toosickworktoosoonMedicare_1021.pdf?section=4039

The Commonwealth Fund

"In the United States, nearly 7 million people under age 65 qualify for Medicare due to severe and permanent disabilities. However, these individuals must wait two years after they are deemed eligible for Social Security Disability Insurance to receive this coverage. As a result, there are as many as 1.5 million men and women who are too disabled to return to work but who must waiting to receive Medicare coverage for their health care needs. Nearly 39 percent are uninsured for at least some of the time during the waiting period, and 26 percent have no insurance throughout the waiting period. This report tells the stories of 21 individuals struggling to survive the 24-month waiting period. These real-life stories expose the financial hardship, pain, and suffering caused by the waiting period and provide evidence of the need for the swift enactment of legislation to eliminate the waiting period."

Labels: Disability

http://socialworkleadership.org/nsw/cap/ebp.php

Center for Aging Policy

"The purpose of this easy-to-use online database is to help scholars, policy analysts, and advocates stay on top of the latest research and innovations in aging care, including health care, social services, and workforce issues."

Labels: Aging

http://www.cdc.gov/Aging/pdf/saha_2007.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

"This report provides a snapshot of our nation's progress in promoting the health and well-being of older adults and reducing behaviors that contribute to premature death and disability. The report also highlights three key areas that can significantly improve the quality of life for older adults: reducing falls, maintaining cognitive health, and improving end-of-life care."

Labels: Aging

http://www.cbpp.org/schip-chartbook.pdf

Center on Budget and Policy Priorities

"This chartbook summarizes current knowledge about the health insurance coverage and health needs of low-income children in the United States and the roles that Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) play in improving children's health care access and health status. Medicaid and SCHIP provide health coverage for over 30 million low-income children, opening doors to children and their foamilies to affordable preventive, primary, and acute health care services."

Labels: Children's Health Care, Medicaid, SCHIP

ftp://ftp.hrsa.gov/bhpr/workforce/chw307.pdf

ftp://ftp.hrsa.gov/bhpr/workforce/chwbiblio.pdf (annotated bibliography


"This report describes a comprehensive national study of the community health worker (CHW) workforce. The 27-month research project utilized a survey of verified CHW employers in all 50 States, more in-depth interviews of employers and CHWs in 4 States, conducted a comprehensive review of the literature, and made national and State workforce estimates using databases from the Census and the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics."

Labels: Community Health Worker

http://www.jimcaseyyouth.org/docs/ageout_report.pdf

Jim Casey Youth Opportunities Initiative

"While the total number of children in foster care nationally has been decreasing, the number of youth who leave foster care because of their age–a situation referred to as “aging out”–has been increasing. In 2005, more than 24,000 youth left foster care at the age of 18* without a family of their own– a 41 percent increase since 1998. On average, those who age out of foster care will have spent nearly 5 years in the system at the time they “emancipate” (the technical term) without ever having been placed with a safe, permanent family of their own. In total, more than 165,000 youth aged out of the system between 1998 and 2005.
Many studies have documented that the outlook for foster youth who age out is often grim:

--One in four will be incarcerated within the first two years after they leave the system.
--Over one-fifth will become homeless at some time after age 18.
--Approximately 58 percent had a high school degree at age 19, compared to 87 percent of a national comparison group of non-foster youth.
--Of youth who aged out of foster care and are over the age of 25, less than 3 percent earned their college degrees, compared with 28 percent of the general population."

Labels: aging out, foster care

http://www.infosecwriters.com/text_resources/pdf/InfoSec_In_Health_Care_DJames.pdf

Infosecwriters

"Since the enactment of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act in 1996, it has been the goal of health care facilities across the nation to comply with these new regulations. There are many reasons for the HIPAA regulations, but the most important is to ensure the privacy of patient data in health care and insurance facilities. If a health care facility fails to comply with these regulations, it could possibly result in millions of dollars in fines and restitutions. It is also possible for the person or persons responsible to serve time in prison. It is very important for anyone working with sensitive data to follow the most strict security policy available. Finding new ways and technology to protect the sensitive data has been a daunting task for health care facilities. The government did not assign any products or processes to comply with HIPAA. It is the responsibility of each organization to discover new products and processes to protect their data! There are several aspects to take into consideration when analyzing a potential data security problem. The first aspect to consider is network security. If hackers can penetrate the network, patient data is definitely at risk. The second aspect is Email security. This can be easily covered if the proper policies and education of employees are implemented. The third aspect is personnel. The workers at a health care facility can definitely be a security breach. In order to prevent this, they should be trained on the new regulations and company policies."

Labels: HIPAA

Read for Free online (Links on bottom left) http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11795.html#description

Institute of Medicine

"The nation has made tremendous progress in reducing tobacco use during the past 40 years. Despite extensive knowledge about successful interventions, however, approximately one-quarter of American adults still smoke. Tobacco-related illnesses and death place a huge burden on our society.
Ending the Tobacco Problem generates a blueprint for the nation in the struggle to reduce tobacco use. The report reviews effective prevention and treatment interventions, and considers a set of new tobacco control policies for adoption by federal and state governments. Carefully constructed with two distinct parts, the book first provides background information on the history and nature of tobacco use, developing the context for the policy blueprint proposed in the second half of the report. The report documents the extraordinary growth of tobacco use during the first half of the 20th century as well as its subsequent reversal in the mid-1960s (in the wake of findings from the Surgeon General). It also reviews the addictive properties of nicotine, delving into the factors that make it so difficult for people to quit and examines recent trends in tobacco use. In addition, an overview of the development of governmental and nongovernmental tobacco control efforts is provided.
After reviewing the ethical grounding of tobacco control, the second half of the book sets forth to present a blueprint for ending the tobacco problem. The book offers broad-reaching recommendations targeting federal, state, local, nonprofit and for-profit entities. This book also identifies the benefits to society when fully implementing effective tobacco control interventions and policies."

Labels: smoking, Tobacco

http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=wharton_research_scholars

Wharton Research Scholars Journal

"The research question we address is whether state laws that require health insurance policies to provide coverage for specified benefits have affected the size of the population without any private sector health insurance coverage. The laws are often alleged to increase the cost of insurance premiums and thus reduce incentives for smaller employers to offer and for individuals to purchase health insurance. Using data from the United States Census Current Population Survey (CPS) from 1996 to 2002, we measure the effects of 2 sets of high cost benefit mandates on the probability for workers to have health insurance through their employer. We use both individual and state level analyses. Generally we find weak and statistically insignificant effects associated with benefit mandates, though we see evidence that this relationship grows stronger over time."

Labels: health insurance

http://www.mediafamily.org/press/20070524.shtml

National Institute on Media and the Family

This study found that children who turned off the television/computer participated in more physical activity and ate more fruits and vegetables. “This study provides the most concrete evidence to date that excessive amounts of screen time vastly increase the risk of childhood obesity,” said Dr. David Walsh, president and founder of the National Institute on Media and the Family.

Labels: Childhood Obesity

http://www.aarp.org/research/assistance/medicaid/fs102r_medicaid.html

AARP Policy & Research

"Established in 1965, Medicaid is the largest publicly financed program providing health and long-term care coverage for certain groups of low-income people throughout the United States. Authorized under Title XIX of the Social Security Act, Medicaid is a means-tested individual and state entitlement program jointly financed by states and the federal government.
Within broad federal guidelines, states have the flexibility to design and manage their Medicaid programs. For example, they can set limits on services and decide what and how to pay providers. Although state participation in Medicaid is voluntary, every state has chosen to participate as of 1982."

Labels: Medicaid

http://www.carseyinstitute.unh.edu/documents/RuralChildHealth_final.pdf

Carsey Institute

Rural children increasingly rely on Medicaid and State Child Insurance Programs for medical care.
--32% of all rural children rely on SCHIP and Medicaid compared to 26% of urban children
--Of the 8.3 million uninsured children about 1.3 million live in rural areas.

Labels: Children, Medicaid, Rural Health Care, SCHIP

http://cigna.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=114&item=1242

CIGNA HealthCare

"Most Americans think they are in excellent or very good health, but when it comes to healthy habits – exercising, maintaining a healthy weight and managing stress – their actions don’t always match their words, according to Health and Well-being in America, a survey sponsored by CIGNA HealthCare.
--More than half (57%) of those surveyed said they are in “excellent or very good health.” One in six reports being in better health than a year ago. But are they really? The same survey shows that when Americans were asked how others would characterize their health:
--Slightly more than half (54%) agree others would say they need to lose 10 pounds. Yet, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an estimated two-thirds (66%) of U.S. adults are actually overweight or obese.
--A whopping 75% agree others would say they are in good physical shape, but only 49% believe others would say they exercise vigorously three times each week. In fact, more than half of U.S. adults do not get enough physical activity to benefit their health, and 24% are not active at all in their leisure time, according to the CDC.
--More than eight out of 10 agree others would say they live a balanced life (85%) and manage stress effectively (84%). However, according to the National Institute of Mental Health, an estimated one in four U.S. adults suffers from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year."

Labels: Health

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA_pandemic_health.pdf

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

"The U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has unveiled new safety and health guidance that will help healthcare workers and their employers prepare for a possible influenza pandemic. A comprehensive resource for healthcare planners and practitioners, the new guidance offers information and tools to assist the industry in preparing for and responding to an influenza pandemic. It includes technical information on infection control and industrial hygiene practices to reduce the risk of infection in healthcare settings; workplace preparations and planning issues; and OSHA standards that have special importance to pandemic preparedness planners and responders in the industry.Specifically, the guidance provides a wide range of information and tools helpful to pandemic planners, including: Internet resources, communication tools, sample infection control programs, and self-triage and home care resources. It also offers how-to advice on diagnosis and treatment of staff during a pandemic, developing planning and supply checklists, and risk communication."

Labels: healthcare workers, Pandemic Flu

http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5604a1.htm?s_cid=ss5604a1_x

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

"Prevalence of health-risk behaviors, awareness of specific medical conditions, and use of preventive services varied substantially by state/territory, MMSA (metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area), and county. In 2005, prevalence of health insurance ranged from 60% to 95% for states/territories, MMSAs, and counties. Prevalence of leisure-time physical inactivity ranged from 16% to 49% for states/territories, 14% to 36% for MMSAs, and 12% to 41% for counties. Prevalence of adults who engaged in at least moderate physical activity ranged from 33% to 62%, and prevalence of vigorous physical activity ranged from 15% to 42% for states/territories, MMSAs, and counties.
Prevalence of adults who currently smoke cigarettes ranged from 6% to 35% for states/territories, MMSAs, and counties. The prevalence of binge drinking was substantially higher than the prevalence of heavy drinking across all the states/territories, MMSAs, and counties.
Prevalence of adults who were overweight ranged from 53% to 67 % for states/territories, 49% to 70% for MMSAs, and 44% to 71% for counties. Prevalence of current asthma ranged from 4% to 14% for states/territories, MMSAs, and counties. Prevalence of diabetes ranged from 4% to 14% for states/territories and MMSAs and from 3% to 14% for counties. Proportion of respondents with high blood pressure ranged from 13% to 39% for states/territories, MMSAs and counties. Prevalence of respondents with high cholesterol ranged from 31% to 41% for states/territories and 26% to 47% for MMSAs and counties.
The prevalence estimates for respondents who reported being limited in any way in any activities because of physical, mental, or emotional problems ranged from 10% to 27% for states/territories, 12% to 31% for MMSAs, and 10% to 27% for counties. The percentage of respondents who required use of special equipment ranged from 4% to 10% for the states/territories, 3% to 15% for MMSAs, and 3% to 11% for counties. Prevalence of fair or poor health ranged from 11% to 34% for states/territories and 6% to 26% for MMSAs and counties.
The prevalence of adults who checked their cholesterol during the preceding 5 years ranged from 55% to 86% for states/territories, MMSAs, and counties. Prevalence of annual influenza vaccination among adults aged >65 years ranged from 32% to 78% for states/territories, 48% to 83% for MMSAs, and 41% to 84% for counties. The estimated prevalence of pneumococcal vaccination among adults aged >65 years ranged from 28% to 72% for states/territories, 52% to 82% for MMSAs, and 35% to 83% for counties."

Labels: health behaviors, health insurance, Obesity, smoking

http://www.contemporaryfamilies.org/docs/moms_and_jobs_fact_sheet.pdf

Council on Contemporary Families

"The employment of wives and mothers rose dramatically from 1960 to about 1990, andthereafter has leveled off. There was a small dip from 2000 to 2004, but employment rates had inched back to 2000 levels by 2006, the latest figures available. Contrary to recent press accounts, there has not been an “op-out” revolution. Rather than a strong downward trend, there has been a flattening out of the trend line, so that mothers’ employment has stabilized, with a majority employed. This strong upward thrust followed by a flattening of the trend holds for most groups of women.
Well educated women are especially likely to be employed, despite the fact that they generally have well educated, and thus high earning, husbands. Surprisingly, the percentage of married moms staying home doesn’t go up consistently as husbands’ earnings go up. In fact, it is women with the poorest husbands (in the bottom quarter of male earnings) who are most likely to stay home, followed by women with the very richest husbands (those in the top 5 percent of male earners)."

Labels: employment, Mothers

http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2/content_storage_01/0000000b/80/37/2d/eb.pdf

Kappa Delta Pi Record

"If the abuse of a child were at the hands of a schoolyard bully or lurking pedophile, parents most likely would applaud intervention. However, precisely because most cases involve an abusive parent, intervention is almost automatically deemed a dicey proposition. The law, however, now requires teachers to report cases of suspected child abuse or neglect. This article offers three simple decision graphics that clarify when a teacher’s intervention is appropriate and necessary. Teachers and administrators can use these three charts to identify incidences of possible child abuse and neglect among their students without fear of retribution. At a glance, educators can determine what action is appropriate based on the symptoms they observe. Educators will find the charts, if used correctly, to be useful tools for fulfilling their legal obligations under state and local laws for mandated reporters, under which all cases of suspected child abuse and neglect must be reported to the local governmental child protection agency. (Contains 3 figures and 1 table.)"

Labels: Child Abuse

http://www.commonwealthfund.org/usr_doc/Davis_mirrormirrorinternationalpdate_1027.pdf?section=4039

Commonwealth Fund

"Despite having the most costly health system in the world, the United States consistently underperforms on most dimensions of performance, relative to other countries. This report—an update to two earlier editions—includes data from surveys of patients, as well as information from primary care physicians about their medical practices and views of their countries’ health systems. Compared with five other nations—Australia, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, the United Kingdom—the U.S. health care system ranks last or next-to-last on five dimensions of a high performance health system: quality, access, efficiency, equity, and healthy lives. The U.S. is the only country in the study without universal health insurance coverage, partly accounting for its poor performance on access, equity, and health outcomes. The inclusion of physician survey data also shows the U.S. lagging in adoption of information technology and use of nurses to improve care coordination for the chronically ill."

Labels: Health Care

http://www.milliman.com/expertise/healthcare/products-tools/mmi/pdfs/milliman-medical-index-2007.pdf

"The Milliman Medical Index 2007 (MMI) measures average medical spending for a typical U.S. family of four covered by an employer-sponsored health insurance program. Unlike medical cost surveys that focus exclusively on employer cost increases, the MMI examines the total cost to deliver healthcare and how this cost is allocated between the employer and the employee.
The MMI identifies health cost trends for the key components of care and shows the variability of healthcare costs for seven major metropolitan areas, which may have significant implications for national healthcare reform proposals that utilize a standard nationwide tax deduction.
According to the MMI, average total medical spending for our typical family of four increased by 8.4% from 2006 to 2007. The total 2007 medical cost for a typical American family of four is $14,500. As medical costs have increased, employees have paid a correspondingly higher amount through out-of-pocket cost sharing."

Labels: health care costs

http://www.act-ad.org/pdf/Study_Final_051407.pdf

"Therapies that could delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease could save the nation nearly $4 trillion by 2050, according to a new report.
The study sponsored by a coalition of non-for-profit groups that want to accelerate research into cures and treatments for Alzheimer’s, bases its prediction on the availability of treatments by 2010 that could delay the onset of Alzheimer’s by a range of up to five years. Even delaying the onset of the disease for one year could result in a benefit of more than $1 trillion, the study predicts. Technologies that delay the onset and slowed progression of the disease also would likely result in significant economic value, the study’s authors note.
While current drugs for Alzheimer’s are not able to delay its onset, a number of drugs now in clinical trials have shown the promise of delaying the disease, the study concludes."

Labels: Alzheimer's Disease

http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=psc_working_papers

Penn Population Center Studies Working Paper

"We document key facts about marriage and divorce, comparing trends through the past 150 years and outcomes across demographic groups and countries. While divorce rates have risen over the past 150 years, they have been falling for the past quarter century. Marriage rates have also been falling, but more strikingly, the importance of marriage at different points in the life cycle has changed, reflecting rising age at first marriage, rising divorce followed by high remarriage rates, and a combination of increased longevity with a declining age gap between husbands and wives. Cohabitation has also become increasingly important, emerging as a widely used step on the path to marriage. Out-of-wedlock fertility has also risen, consistent with declining “shotgun marriages”. Compared with other countries, marriage maintains a central role in American life. We present evidence on some of the driving forces causing these changes in the marriage market: the rise of the birth control pill and women’s control over their own fertility; sharp changes in wage structure, including a rise in inequality and partial closing of the gender wage gap; dramatic changes in home production technologies; and the emergence of the internet as a new matching technology. We note that recent changes in family forms demand a reassessment of theories of the family and argue that consumption complementarities may be an increasingly important component of marriage. Finally, we discuss the welfare implications of these changes."

Labels: divorce, marriage

http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/80xx/doc8092/05-10-SCHIP.pdf

Congressional Budget Office

"Enacted as title XXI of the Social Security Act in 1997, the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) provides health insurance coverage for uninsured children living in families with income that is modest but too high for them to be eligible for Medicaid. This Congressional Budget Office (CBO) paper–prepared at the request of the Chairman and Ranking Member of the Senate Finance Committee–summarizes the key features of SCHIP, provides information on historical trends in enrollment and federal spending, summarizes the evidence on the effects of the program on children’s insurance coverage, and discusses key issues that are likely to arise as the Congress considers reauthorization of the program this year. In keeping with CBO’s mandate to provide objective, impartial analysis, this paper makes no recommendations."

Labels: SCHIP, uninsured

http://www.bls.gov/news.release/famee.nr0.htm

Bureau of Labor Statistics

"In 2006, the share of families with an unemployed member declined to 6.4 percent from 7.0 percent in the prior year, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported. The proportion of families with an unemployed member has declined each year since 2003, when it was 8.1 percent. Of the nation’s 77.0 million families, 82.4 percent had at least one employed member in 2006, essentially unchanged from 2005.
These data on employment, unemployment, and family relationships are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 households. Families include married-couple families, as well as families maintained by a man or woman with no spouse present; some families have children while others do not."

Labels: employment

http://www.aarp.org/research/longtermcare/trends/fs77r_ltc.html

AARP Policy & Research

"Women face major challenges in being able to live with independence and dignity as they age. With longer lives, higher rates of disability and chronic health problems, and lower incomes than men on average, many women need long-term care services without having the resources to pay for them. Women are also the primary providers of long-term care, as the vast majority of both paid formal long-term care workers and unpaid informal caregivers are women."

Labels: Long-Term Care, women

http://www.aha.org/aha/content/2007/pdf/070508-boomerreport.pdf

American Hospital Association

"The report examines the effect baby boomers will have on the U.S. health care system when they turn 65 years old. The report discusses aspects of the health care system, such as chronic disease management, physician and nurse shortages, increased demand for services, new technology and care delivery."

Labels: baby boomers

http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07794t.pdf

"Despite the reforms of OBRA '87 and subsequent efforts by CMS and the nursing home industry to improve the quality of nursing home care, a small but significant share of nursing homes nationwide continues to experience quality-of-care problems. In 2006, one in five nursing homes nationwide was cited for serious deficiencies - those deficiencies that cause actual harm or place residents in immediate jeopardy."

Labels: nursing homes

http://www.meharry.org/Fl/index.html

Meharry Medical College and National Network of Libraries of Medicine

"Factline presents information about health disparities faced by women, members of minority groups, the elderly and others. The focus of the website is two-fold: presenting significant findings from scholarly research in public health on the subject of health disparities and providing bibliographic references to the literature in which these findings are established. The framework for the research is Healthy People 2010."

Labels: Underserved

http://www.soros.org/initiatives/health/focus/phw/articles_publications/publications/improving_20070430/improving_20070501.pdf

Open Society Institute

"America must develop a comprehensive national strategy to make measurable progress in the fight against AIDS, the Open Society Institute said in a report.
The United States spends over $16 billion a year on HIV/AIDS, but has failed to make adequate progress on the epidemic. The number of annual new HIV infections has remained at 40,000 for over a decade and half of people in need of treatment are not receiving it. African Americans suffer most for this failure—accounting for half of all new infections though they represent 12 percent of the U.S. population."

Labels: AIDS

http://www.cahi.org/cahi_contents/resources/pdf/n140UniversalAccessPDF.pdf

Council for Affordable Health Insurance

"Policymakers at both the state and federal levels are increasingly focusing on the uninsured and proposals that promise to achieve “universal coverage,” in which everyone has comprehensive health insurance coverage. In this rush to provide everyone with coverage, they have forgotten the underlying goal — providing everyone with access to health care."

Labels: health insurance

https://gushare.georgetown.edu/HealthPolicyInstitute/CCF/Web%20Site/SCHIP%20Site%20Documents%20%28Public%29/StatesMovingForward.pdf

Georgetown University Center for Children and Families

This study says that since January 2006, 29 states have either adopted or are seriously considering legislation to cover more children through Medicaid or the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP).
The study also reports that 15 of the states plan on or have proposed increasing SCHIP income eligibility levels, most of them to above 200 percent of the federal poverty level.
Conducted by Georgetown University’s Center on Children and Families, the study also says these state efforts will have a better chance of lasting success if Congress reauthorizes SCHIP legislation by adding $50 billion or more over five years in resources to the program.

Labels: SCHIP

http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0611071104v1

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

"During the 1918 influenza pandemic, the U.S., unlike Europe, put considerable effort into public health interventions. There was also more geographic variation in the autumn wave of the pandemic in the U.S. compared with Europe, with some cities seeing only a single large peak in mortality and others seeing double-peaked epidemics. Here we examine whether differences in the public health measures adopted by different cities can explain the variation in epidemic patterns and overall mortality observed. We show that city-specific per-capita excess mortality in 1918 was significantly correlated with 1917 per-capita mortality, indicating some intrinsic variation in overall mortality, perhaps related to sociodemographic factors. In the subset of 23 cities for which we had partial data on the timing of interventions, an even stronger correlation was found between excess mortality and how early in the epidemic interventions were introduced. We then fitted an epidemic model to weekly mortality in 16 cities with nearly complete intervention-timing data and estimated the impact of interventions. The model reproduced the observed epidemic patterns well. In line with theoretical arguments, we found the time-limited interventions used reduced total mortality only moderately (perhaps 10-30%), and that the impact was often very limited because of interventions being introduced too late and lifted too early. San Francisco, St. Louis, Milwaukee, and Kansas City had the most effective interventions, reducing transmission rates by up to 30-50%. Our analysis also suggests that individuals reactively reduced their contact rates in response to high levels of mortality during the pandemic."

Labels: Pandemic Flu, public health

http://insights.epocrates.com/obesity

Epocrates

"Obesity is one of today’s leading public health issues, with more than half of all Americans considered overweight or obese.
In a recent study by Epocrates, over 500 physicians shared their opinions on the severity of the crisis, contributing factors, proposed solutions and health risks caused by the “most severe public health issue” facing America."

Labels: Obesity